Resources

THE Simeone-DiFrancesco Schema Therapy with Couples international training center has put together a list of references on schema therapy, guided imagery, and on the ethical necessity of beneficient training attuned to the culture, religion & subculture of the client(s) and family system.  enjoy!

 

 

Ruth, Richard. (Fall 2015)  The Ethics of Multicultural Practice. The National Register of Health Service Psychologists. In this excellent piece, Dr. Ruth reminds us: “Principle E of our ethics code, Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity, states that psychologists proactively aspire to be “aware of and respect cultural, individual and role differences, including those based on age, gender, gender identity, race, ethnicity, culture, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, disability, language and socioeconomic status and consider these factors when working with members of such groups” (American Psychological Association, 2010).  …it asks our awareness of what we bring to the clinical encounter, and demands our respect for the perceptions and experience of those we serve — not just patients/clients, but colleagues too.”

One goal of Schema Therapy is to work within the ethnocentric particulars of minority, ethnic, religious, and other sub-cultures of clients and couples in a culturally adaptive fashion.

Beauchamp, T., & Childress, J. (2009) with Principle Based Ethics explain the
ethical concept of “Beneficence” which requires us to act in the client’s
best welfare. This principle also requires us to “respond more effectively
to individuals from cultural or linguistic minorities”

 

 

 

 

 

 

References on Cultural Competance Topics

American Psychological Association. (2002). Guidelines on multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists.
American Psychologist, 58, 377– 402.
American Psychological Association Presidential Task Force on Evidence Based Practice in Psychology. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology.
American Psychologist, 61, 271–285.
Beauchamp, T., & Childress, J. (2009). Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Bernal, G., Jime´nez-Chafey, M., & Domenech Rodrı´guez, M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidencebased
practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 361–368.
Cross, T. (2003). Culture as a resource for mental health. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 9, 354 –359.
Foo, K. H., & Kazantzis, N. (2007). Integrating homework assignments based on culture: Working with Chinese patients. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,
14, 333–340.
Hays, P. A. (1995). Multicultural applications of cognitive– behavior therapy. Professional Psychology: Research in Practice, 26, 309 –315.
Hays, P. A. (2006b). Introduction: Developing culturally responsive cognitive– behavioral therapies. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally
responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 3–20). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hays, P. A. (2008). Addressing cultural complexities in practice: Assessment, diagnosis, and therapy (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
Hays, P. A. (2009) Integrating evidence-based practice, cognitive-behavior therapy, and multicultural therapy: Ten steps for culturally competent practice.
Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 354-360.

Hays, P. A., & Iwamasa, G. Y. (Eds.). (2006). Culturally responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision. Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
 Hwang, W. (2009). The formative method for adapting psychotherapy (FMAP): A community-based developmental approach to culturally adapting
therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 369 –377.
 Iwamasa, G. Y., Hsia, C., & Hinton, D. (2006). Cognitive– behavioral therapy with Asian Americans. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally
responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 117–140). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Jackson, L. C., Schmutzer, P. A., Wenzel, A., & Tyler, J. D. (2006). Applicability of cognitive– behavior therapy with American Indian individuals.
Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 506 –517.
 Kelly, S. (2006). Cognitive– behavioral therapy with African Americans. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally responsive cognitive–behavioral
therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 97–116). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 LaFromboise, T. D., & Rowe, W. (1983). Skills training for bicultural competence: Rationale and application. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 589 –
595.
 Lau, A. W., & Kinoshita, L. M. (2006). Cognitive– behavioral therapy with culturally diverse older adults. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally
responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 179 –198). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
 Matheson, L. (1986). If you are not an Indian, how do you treat an Indian? In H. P. Lefley & P. Pedersen (Eds.), Cross-cultural training for mental health
professionals (pp. 115–130). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
 Messer, S. B. (2004). Evidence-based practice: Beyond empirically supported treatments. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 580 –588.
 Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W., & LaFromboise, T. (2005). State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities.
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113–142.
 Nicolas, G., Arntz, D. L., Hirsch, B., & Schmiedigen, A. (2009). Cultural adaptation of a group treatment for Haitian American adolescents. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 40, 378 –384.

Organista, K. (2006). Cognitive– behavioral therapy with Latinos and Latinas. In P. A. Hays & G. Y. Iwamasa (Eds.),
Culturally responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 73–96). Washington, DC:
American Psychological Association.
 Organista, K. (2007). Commentary: The need to explicate culturally competent approaches with Latino clients. In C.
Muran (Ed.), Dialogues on difference: Studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship (pp. 168 – 175). Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association.
Paradis, C. M., Cukor, D., & Friedman, S. (2006). Cognitive– behavioral therapy with Orthodox Jews. In P. A. Hays & G. Y.
Iwamasa (Eds.), Culturally responsive cognitive–behavioral therapy: Assessment, practice, and supervision (pp. 161–
176). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Norcross, JC (Ed). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness. Oxford University
Press: New York, NY
Pedersen, P. B., Draguns, J. G., Lonner, W. J., & Trimble, J. E. (2002). Counseling across cultures. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Ruth, Richard. (2015) The Ethics of Multicultural Practice. The National Register of Health Service Psychologists.
Stuart, R. (2004) Twelve practical suggestions for achieving multicultural competence. Professional Psychology: Research
and Practice, 35, 3-9 Simeone-DiFrancesco, C., Roediger, E., Stevens B. (2015) Schema Therapy with Couples, a Practitioner’s Guide to
Healing Relationships. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Vasquez, M. J. T. (2007). Cultural difference and the therapeutic alliance:
An evidence-based analysis. American Psychologist, 62, 878 – 885. Weisman, A., Feldman, G., Gruman, C., Rosenberg, R., Chamorro, R., &
Belozersky, I. (2005). Improving mental health services for Latino and Asian immigrant elders. Professional Psychology:
Research and Practice, 36, 642– 648. Whaley, A. L., & Davis, K. E. (2007). Cultural competence and evidence based practice in mental health services: A
complementary perspective. American Psychologist, 62, 563–574. Wood, P. S., & Mallinckrodt, B. (1990). Culturally sensitive assertiveness training for ethnic minority clients. Professional
Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 5–11.

 

 

Schema Related Forms for the Clinician:

Downloads for the Schema Therapy Case Conceptualization Form and sample plus instructions can be found 
by clicking Here.
        ISST training modules can be found by clicking Here.                    

Schema Therapy References

Guided Imagery

Agnati, Luigi & Guidolin, Diego & Battistin, L & Pagnoni, Giuseppe & Fuxe, Kjell. (2013). The Neurobiology of Imagination: Possible Role of Interaction-Dominant Dynamics and Default Mode Network. Frontiers in psychology. 4. 296. 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00296. 
Arntz, A. (2011). Imagery rescripting for personality disorders. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 11, 466-481. 

Arntz, A. (2012). Imagery rescripting as a therapeutic technique: Review of clinical trials, basic studies, and research agenda for personality disorders. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 3, 189-208. 

Arntz, A., Sofi, D., van Breukelen, G. (2013) Imagery Rescripting as treatment for complicated PTSD in refugees: A multiple baseline case series study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51 

Blackwell, S.E. (2018) Mental Imagery: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. Article in Press.
Comer, C., Taggart, A. (2021) Brain, Mind, and the Narrative Imagination. UK. Bloomsbury Academic.

Edwards, D. (2011). Invited Essay. From ancient shamanic healing to 21st century psychotherapy: The central role of imagery methods in effecting psychological change. In A. Hackmann, J. Bennett-Levy & E. Holmes (Eds.), Oxford guide to imagery in cognitive therapy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 
Kunze AE, Arntz A, Kindt M. Investigating the effects of imagery rescripting on emotional memory: A series of analogue studies. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology. 2019;10(2). doi:10.1177/2043808719850733 
Morina, N., Lancee, J., Arntz, A. (2017) Imagery rescripting as a clinical intervention for aversive memories: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 55, pp. 6-15.
Skottnik . L, Linden D., Mental Imagery and Brain Regulation—New Links Between Psychotherapy and Neuroscience. Frontiers in Psychiatry VOL. 10, 2019 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00779 DOI=10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00779 ISSN=1664-0640 
Stopa, L. (2011) Imagery rescripting across disorders: A practical guide. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18 (4), pp. 421-423.

 

Recent Supporting & Foundational Literature

 

Arntz, A., Jacob, G. A., Lee, C. W., Brand-de Wilde, O. M., Fassbinder, E.,Harper, R. P., Lavender, A., Lockwood, G., Malogiannis, I. A.,Ruths, F. A., Schweiger, U., Shaw, I. A., Zarbock, G., & Farrell, J. M.(2022). Effectiveness of predominantly group schema therapy and combined individual and group schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry,79(4),287–299.https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0010
Bishop, A., Younan, R., Low, J., & Pilkington, P. D. (2021). Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 29(1), 111– 130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2630
Bourdon, D.-É., El-Baalbaki, G., Girard, D., Lapointe-Blackburn, É., & Guay, S. (2019). Schemas and coping strategies in cognitive-behavioral therapy for PTSD: A systematic review. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 3(1), 33– 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.09.005
Carter, J. D., McIntosh, V. V., Jordan, J., Porter, R. J., Douglas, K., Frampton, C. M., & Joyce, P. R. (2018). Patient predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy for depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(9), 887– 897. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867417750756
Comer, C., Taggart, A. (2021) Brain, Mind, and the Narrative Imagination.  UK. Bloomsbury Academic. 
Edwards, D. J. A. (2022). Using schema modes for case conceptualization in schema therapy: An applied clinical approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 6635. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.763670
Finley, J.D.,  ed., (2022)  Sexual Identity: The Harmony of Philosophy, Science and Revelation. Steubenville, OH:  Emmaus Road.
Janovsky, T., Rock, A. J., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Clark, G. I., & Murray, C. V. (2020). The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and interpersonal problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 408– 447. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2439
Karantzas, G., Younan, R., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). The association between early maladaptive schemas and adult attachment styles: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice.
Kellogg, S. H. (2018) Transformational Chairwork: Using Psychotherapeutic Dialogues in Clinical Practice. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.  
Maher, A., Cason, L., Huckstepp, T., Stallman, H., Kannis-Dymand, L., Millear, P., Mason, J., Wood, A., & Allen, A. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas in eating disorders: A systematic review. European Eating Disorders Review, 30(1), 3– 22. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2866
Moritz, S., Ahlf-Schumacher, J., Hottenrott, B., Peter, U., Franck, S., Schnell, T., Peter, H., Schneider, B.C., Jelinek, L. (2018) We cannot change the past, but we can change its meaning. A randomized controlled trial on the effects of self-help imagery rescripting on depression. (2018) Behaviour Research and Therapy,  104, pp. 74-83.
Peeters, N., van Passel, B., & Krans, J. (2021). The effectiveness of schema therapy for patients with anxiety disorders, OCD, or PTSD: A systematic review and research agenda. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 579– 597. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12324
Pennesi, J.-L., Wade, T.D. (2018) Imagery rescripting and cognitive dissonance: A randomized controlled trial of two brief online interventions for women at risk of developing an eating disorder. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51 (5), pp. 439-448.
Pilkington, P., Younan, R., & Bishop, A. (2021). Early maladaptive schemas, suicidal ideation, and self-harm: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 3, 100051.
Reiss, N., Warnecke, I., Tibubos, A.N., Tolgou, T., Luka-Krausgrill, U., Rohrmann, S. (2018) Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy with relaxation vs. imagery rescripting on psychophysiological stress responses of students with test anxiety in a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy Research, pp. 1-12. Article in Press.
Roediger, E., Stevens, B.A., & Brockman, R. (2018). Contextual schema therapy: An integrative approach to personality disorders, emotional dysregulation, and interpersonal functioning. (pp. 39-54). Oakland:CA. Context Press, New Harbinger Publications.
Roediger, E., Zarbock, G., Frank-Noyon, E., Hinrichs, J., & Arntz, A. (2020). The effectiveness of imagery work in schema therapy with couples: a clinical experiment comparing the effects of imagery rescripting and cognitive interventions in brief schema couples therapy. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 35(3), 320-337. doi:10.1080/14681994.2018.1529411
Romano, M.,  Moscovitch, D.A., Huppert, J.D., Reimer, S.G., Moscovitch, M. (2020).The effects of imagery rescripting on memory outcomes in social anxiety disorder.  Journal of Anxiety Disorders. ( 69), 102169, ISSN 0887-6185, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102169. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887618519304955)
Schaich, A., Braakmann, D., Richter, A., Meine, C., Assmann, N., Köhne, S., Arntz, A., Schweiger, U., & Fassbinder, E. (2020). Experiences of patients with borderline personality disorder with imagery rescripting in the context of schema therapy—A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 1358.
Tan, Y. M., Lee, C. W., Averbeck, L. E., Brand-de Wilde, O., Farrell, J., Fassbinder, E., Jacob, G. A., Martius, D., Wastiaux, S., & Zarbock, G. (2018). Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: A qualitative study of patients' perceptions. PLoS ONE, 13(11), e0206039.
Taylor, C. D. J., Bee, P., & Haddock, G. (2017). Does schema therapy change schemas and symptoms? A systematic review across mental health disorders. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 90(3), 456– 479. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12112
Tolgou, T., Rohrmann, S., Stockhausen, C., Krampen, D., Warnecke, I., Reiss, N. (2018) Physiological and psychological effects of imagery techniques on health anxiety. Psychophysiology, 55 (2), art. no. e12984. 
Vitz, P.C., Nordling, J.J., and Titus, C.S.  (2020) A Catholic Christian Meta-Model of the Person.  Integration with Psychology & Mental Health Practice.  Sterling, VA: Divine Mercy University Press.
Vitz, P.C.,  ed., (2021) The Complementarity of Women and Men: Philosophy, Theology, Psychology, and Art. Washington, D.C.:  Catholic University of America Press.
Wilde, J. L., & Dozois, D. J. (2019). A dyadic partner-schema model of relationship distress and depression: Conceptual integration of interpersonal theory and cognitive-behavioral models. Clinical Psychology Review, 70, 13– 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2019.03.003

 

 

Classic Foundational References:

 

Arntz, A. & Jacob, G. (2013) Schema therapy in practice:  An introductory guide to the schema mode approach.  Chichester, UK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Atkinson, T. (2012) Schema therapy for couples:  Healing partners in a relationship.  In M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broersen, & M. Nadort (Eds.).  The Wiley Blackwell handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, research and practice.  Oxford, UK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Ball, S. A. (1998).  Manulized treatment for substance abusers with personality disorders:  dual focus schema therapy.  Addictive Behaviors, 23(6), 883-891.
Bamelis, L.M., Evers, S.M.A.A., Spinhoven, P., & Arntz, A. (2014). Results of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 305-322.
Beauchamp, T., & Childress, J. (2009). Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Bernstein, D., M. K., Jonkers, P., de Jonge, E., & Arntz, A. (2012a).  Schema therapy in forensic settings.  In M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broersen, & M. Nadort (Eds.).   The Wiley Blackwell handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, research and practice.  (pp. 425-438). Oxford, UK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Bernstein, D. P., Nijman, H., Karos, K., Keulen-de- Vos, M., de Vogel, V., & Lucker, T. (2012b).  Schema therapy for forensic patients with personality disorders:  Design and preliminary findings of multicenter randomized clinical trial in the Netherlands.  Internaitonal Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 312-324.
Edwards, D., & Arntz, A. (2012). Schema therapy in historical perspective.  In M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broersen, & M. Nadort (Eds.).   The Wiley Blackwell handbook of Schema Therapy Theory, research and practice.  (pp. 3-26). Oxford, UK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Farrell, J., & Shaw, I.  (2012). Group Schema Therapy for borderline personality disorder:  A step-by-step treatment manual with patient workbook. Chichester, JK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Flanagan, C.M. (2014)Schema Therapy Defined (History, Definition, and Contrast with CBT; Schema Therapy with Diverse Populations; Research Support; Core Emotional Needs; Schema Modes.  Unmet needs and maladaptive modes: A new way to approach longer-term problems. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 208-222.

Hays, P. A. (2009) Integrating evidence-based practice, cognitive-behavior therapy, and multicultural therapy:  Ten steps for culturally competent practice.  Professional Psychology:  Research and Practice, 40, 354-360.  
Kellogg, S. H. (2004). Dialogical encounters: Contemporary perspectives on “chairwork” in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 41, 310-320. 
Kiely, J. (1924)  Instructions on Christian Morality.  St. Louis, MO: Herder Book Company.
Knapp, S., Youngren, J., VandeCreek, L., Harris, E., and Martin, J. (2013) “Assessing and Managing Risk in Psychological Practice: An Individualized Approach”. Rockville, MD: The Trust.
Norcross, JC (Ed). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness. Oxford University Press: New York, NY. 
Rafaeli, E., Bernstein, D.P., and Young, J.  (2011) Schema Therapy.  Distinctive Features. Routledge: New York, NY.
Roediger, E., Stevens, B.A., & Brockman, R. (2018). Contextual schema therapy: An integrative approach to personality disorders, emotional dysregulation, and interpersonal functioning. (throughout, see index)) Oakland, CA: Context Press, New Harbinger Publications.
Roediger, E., Zarbock, G., Frank-Noyon, E., Hinrichs, J., & Arntz, A. (2020). The effectiveness of imagery work in schema therapy with couples: a clinical experiment comparing the effects of imagery rescripting and cognitive interventions in brief schema couples therapy. Sexual & Relationship Therapy, 35(3), 320-337. doi:10.1080/14681994.2018.1529411 
Schu, W.J.  (2003) Splendor of Love. New Hope, KY: New Hope Publications 
Simeone-DiFrancesco, C., Roediger, E., Stevens B.  (2015) Schema Therapy with Couples, a Practitioner’s Guide to Healing Relationships. Oxford, UK:  Wiley-Blackwell.
Stuart, R. (2004) Twelve practical suggestions for achieving multicultural competence.  Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 3-9.
Young, J., Klosko, J., & Weishaar, M. (2003) . Schema Therapy , A Practitioner’s Guide. (pp. throughout, see index) New York, NY, Guilford Press. 
Wheatley, J., & Hackmann, A. (2011). Using imagery rescripting to treat major depression: Theory and practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 444-453.